1. Astronomers working on the EU-funded MINE BOSS (Mining for metals in a massive spectroscopic survey of the intergalactic medium) project employed quasars to measure baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs).

Die an dem EU-finanzierten Projekt MINE BOSS (Mining for metals in a massive spectroscopic survey of the intergalactic medium) arbeitenden Astronomen nutzten Quasare zur Messung von baryonischen akustischen Oszillationen (Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, BAO).

2. The oldest quasars (z > 4) display a Gunn-Peterson trough and clearly have absorption regions in front of them indicating that the intergalactic medium at that time was neutral gas.

Nur sehr kurzzeitig hell aufleuchtende Phänomene ( Supernova , Gammastrahlenblitz ) sind eventuell energiereicher.